DSP System Design

Low-Power DV Encoder Architecture for Digital CMOS Camcorder

Authors:

Jeff Y.F. Hsieh,
Teresa H.Y. Meng,

Page (NA) Paper number 2292

Abstract:

A low-power, large-scale parallel digital video (DV) [1] encoder architecture for a single-chip digital CMOS video camera is discussed in this paper. This architecture is based on the single chip CMOS camera MPEG-2 encoder architecture proposed in [2] with an emphasis on formatting and streaming of the compressed data. The architecture proposed here supports the 625/25 format of 720x576 pixels per frame. When clocked at 40 MHz, this architecture delivers a processing performance of 1.8 billion operations per second (BOPS) capable of supporting a frame rate of 25 fps as well as additional image enhancement processing. Low power consumption is achieved by the use of a parallel architecture and low-power circuit design techniques. When implemented in a 0.2 micron CMOS technology at a 1.5 V supply voltage, the parallel architecture consumes 45 mW providing a power efficiency of 40 billion operations per second per Watt.

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High Performance and Cost Effective Memory Architecture for an HDTV Decoder LSI

Authors:

Tetsuro Takizawa,
Junji Tajime,
Hidenobu Harasaki,

Page (NA) Paper number 1842

Abstract:

This paper proposes an efficient memory mapping and a frame memory compression for an HDTV decoder LSI using Direct Rambus(TM) DRAM (DRDRAM). DRDRAM is employed to achieve high memory bandwidth required for HDTV decoding at the minimum memory cost. Proposed memory mapping achieves high memory bandwidth sufficient for HDTV decoding even in the worst case and no costly line buffers are required in the LSI for format conversion. Proposed frame memory compression method reduces memory cost half and achieves HDTV decoding with a single 64 Mb DRDRAM chip without loss of memory access efficiency. Simulation results show that SNR degradation is 0.1 to 2 dB in the worst frame and no visible degradation is perceived except for a resolution chart sequence.

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A Programmable Processor with Multiple Functional Units and Banked Registers for General Purpose Numerical Processing

Authors:

Takafumi Morifuji,
Yoshinori Takeuchi,
Masaharu Imai,

Page (NA) Paper number 2238

Abstract:

We present an architecture of a General Purpose Numerical Processor(GPNP). The processor with this architecture is capable of running a wide variety of numerical processings and digital signal processings with its programmability. Flexibility and high-performance are achieved by multiple functional units and their data transfer parallelism. The prototype of a GPNP with five functional units can operate with 33-MHz clock frequency by simulation and its size corresponds with 230-kTr. and 34.5-kbytes on-chip memory.

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Fast Construction of Test Program Generators for Digital Signal Processors

Authors:

Shai Rubin,
Moshe Levinger,
Randall R Pratt,
William P Moore,

Page (NA) Paper number 1435

Abstract:

Test-program generators play a key role in hardware functional verification of large scale processors. However, in the DSP domain, the usage of full-blown test-program generators is much less popular, mainly due to the limited resources (time and money) available when developing such systems. This paper describes a work-model for the fast, low cost construction of a test-program generator for DSPs. The core technology uses Genesys, a known test program generator that, until now, has been used for the verification of large scale processor families, such as PowerPC and x86. We developed the model while using Genesys for verification of the IBM C54XDSP, a recently-announced fixed-point DSP. The case study shows that it is possible to build a full test-program generator in a very short time and thus achieve better verification coverage in spite of the shorter development time.

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Engineering Change Protocols for Behavioral Synthesis

Authors:

Darko Kirovski,
Miodrag Potkonjak,

Page (NA) Paper number 2421

Abstract:

Rapid prototyping and development of in-circuit and FPGA-based emulators as key accelerators for fast time-to-market has resulted in a need for fast error correction mechanisms. The fabricated or emulated prototypes upon error diagnosis require quick and as much as possible flexible engineering change (EC). However, this problem has recently initiated research activity mainly in the logic synthesis domain. We introduce the first set of EC protocols for behavioral synthesis. The protocols support both the pre- and post-processing EC paradigms. In addition, instead of developing special algorithms for EC which is the adopted research model, as a key contribution, we show that using protocols which facilitate constraint manipulation of the initial design specification there is no need for development of specialized EC algorithms. The EC process is performed using the standard optimization algorithms on the modified design. Nevertheless, as shown on a number of behavioral synthesis tasks including: resource assignment, design partitioning, and operation scheduling, the approach provides variable and guaranteed flexibility for incremental synthesis with minimal hardware overhead.

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Operation Scheduling for Parallel Functional Units Using Genetic Algorithms

Authors:

Thomas Zeitlhofer,
Bernhard R Wess,

Page (NA) Paper number 1952

Abstract:

In this paper, we describe a new and efficient approach to solve the scheduling problem for VLIW architectures. The scheduling times of the operations are used as the problems parameters. This in conjunction with a pruning technique based on critical path analysis leads to a significant reduction of search space complexity. A genetic algorithm is used to search for valid schedules of a given length. The genetic algorithm uses a fitness vector that guides the genetic operators crossover and mutation resulting in a fast convergence towards near perfect solutions. The proposed method is also applicable to the problem of register allocation by using a different fitness function. Another advantage of the genetic algorithm approach is that usually a great number of equally performing schedules is obtained allowing for further optimization subject to arbitrary constraints.

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Extended Retiming: Optimal Scheduling via a Graph-Theoretical Approach

Authors:

Timothy W O'Neil,
Sissades Tongsima,
Edwin H.M. Sha,

Page (NA) Paper number 2023

Abstract:

Many iterative or recursive applications commonly found in DSP and image processing applications can be represented by data-flow graphs (DFGs). This graph is then used to perform DFG scheduling, where the starting times for executing the application's individual tasks are determined. The minimum length of time required to execute all tasks once is called the schedule length of the DFG. A great deal of research has been done attempting to optimize such applications by applying various graph transformation techniques to the DFG in order to minimize this schedule length. One of the most effective of these techniques is retiming. In this paper, we demonstrate that the traditional retiming technique does not always achieve optimal schedules and propose a new graph-transformation technique, extended retiming, which will. We will also present an algorithm for finding an extended retiming which transforms a DFG into one with minimal schedule length. Finally, we will demonstrate a constant-time algorithm which verifies the existence of a retimed DFG with the minimum schedule length.

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Minimum Initiation Interval of Multi-Module Recurrent Signal Processing Algorithm Realization with Fixed Communication Delay

Authors:

Hung-Ying Tyan,
Yu Hen Hu,

Page (NA) Paper number 2213

Abstract:

A novel iterative algorithm is proposed to compute the theoretical minimum initiation interval of a given recurrent algorithm when there is a known, fixed inter-module communication delay. Specifically, for a twin-module implementation problem, a novel representation called necessary initiation interval is introduced to faciliate the development of an iterative algorithm which yields both the minimum initiation interval and the corresponding cut set of the cyclic iterative computational dependence graph (ICDG). The convergence of this iterative algorithm in finite iterations is also proved.

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A New Approach for Block-Floating-Point Arithmetic

Authors:

Shiro Kobayashi,
Gerhard P Fettweis,

Page (NA) Paper number 1717

Abstract:

A new approach for implementing block-floating-point arithmetic is proposed. This approach intends to preserve the least-significant-bits (LSBs) to improve signal processing quality. The preservation of LSBs is automatically and perfectly done by hardware. Several simulation results of the proposed block-floating-point implementation have shown improved SNRs over conventional block-floating-point implementation as expected. For the same number of bits for each data representation in the memory, the SNRs better than floating-point are also observed.

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The Effects of Finite Bit Precision for a VLSI Implementation of the Constant Modulus Algorithm

Authors:

Louis R Litwin,
Thomas J Endres,
Samir N Hulyalkar,
Michael D Zoltowski,

Page (NA) Paper number 1245

Abstract:

One of the most popular blind equalization techniques is the Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA), and it has gained popularity in the literature and in practice because of its LMS-like complexity and its robustness to non-ideal, but practical, conditions. Although CMA has been well-studied in the literature, these analyses have typically implemented the algorithm using ``infinite'' precision arithmetic. The motivation for this paper is a VLSI implementation of a high data rate, fractionally spaced, linear forward equalizer whose taps are adjusted using CMA. In this paper we examine how implementing CMA using finite bit precisions affects the algorithm's performance.

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